[1] 4.12 4.57 5.00 17.00
Spring 2026
Data are a means to represent the world
| Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Double | Whole or floating number | 5 or 5.73 |
| Integer | Whole number | 5, 2, 3L |
| Character | Individual or strings of non-numbers | “c”, “cat”, “cat in the hat” |
| Factor | Categorical or discrete variables | M/F, S/M/L |
| Boolean | Binary Categories | T/F |
Numbers
[1] 4.12 4.57 5.00 17.00
Characters
[1] "M" "male" "F" "cat" "Cat-Dog"
Factors
[1] M M F M
Levels: F M
Boolean
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
NULL
[1] NA
[1] NaN
[1] Inf
Each variable / object has a data mode that umbrellas by data type.